Mouth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the anatomical structure. For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)
Mouth
Head and neck.
A closed female human mouth
Latin cavitas oris
MeSH Oral+cavity
The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up the solid food particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva.[1] It is lined with a mucous membrane (as opposed to the exterior of the body, which is lined with skin. The lips mark the transition from mucous membrane to skin.Contents [hide]
1 In humans
1.1 Mouth cavity
1.2 Function
1.3 Cultural aspects
1.4 Development
2 In animals
3 See also
4 Additional images
5 References
6 External links
[edit]
In humans
[edit]
Mouth cavity
An image of the inside of the top and bottom of the mouth showing the location of the teeth.
The first space of the mouth is the mouth cavity, bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar arches (containing the teeth), and posteriorily by the isthmus of the fauces. The oral cavity is also known as the mouth which it swallows food and drinks and goes down to the person's stomach.
[edit]
Function
The mouth plays an important role in speech (it is part of the vocal apparatus), facial expression, kissing, eating, drinking (especially with a straw) & breathing.
Infants are born with a sucking reflex, by which they instinctively know to suck for nourishment using their lips and jaw.
[edit]
Cultural aspects
According to western etiquette, the mouth is kept closed, especially when chewing.
Lips can be adorned with lipstick or lip gloss, although in most cultures this is typically only practised by females.
Piercings have been made popular by the younger generations. Lip, tongue, and the 'Monroe' (Monroe piercing is a stud piercing placed on one's face in the same area as Marilyn Monroe's well known and prominent birthmark was) are piercings seen in many varieties. Piercings of any sort besides two subtle earrings are seen as rebellious to the norm in many western cultures.
[edit]
Development
The philtrum is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryo development. When these processes fail to fuse fully, a hare lip and/or cleft palate can result.
The nasolabial folds are the deep creases of tissue that extend from the nose to the sides of the mouth. One of the first signs of age on the human face is the increase in prominence of the nasolabial folds.
[edit]
In animals
An alligator's mouth.
Some animal phyla, including vertebrates, have a complete digestive system, with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Which end forms first in ontogeny is a criterion used to classify animals into protostome and deuterostome. The first space of the mouth is the mouth cavity, bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar arches (containing the teeth), and posteriorly by the isthmus of the fauces.[2]
[edit]
See also
Head and neck anatomy
Mouth breathing
List of oral health and dental topics
List of basic dentistry topics
[edit]
Additional images
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
A male human mouth.
[edit]
References
^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Senin, 01 Desember 2008
Dentistry
Dentistry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article requires authentication or verification by an expert.
Please assist in recruiting an expert or improve this article yourself. See the talk page for details. (December 2007)
This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care see oral hygiene dental surgery.
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient.
Dentistry is the "evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical, surgical or related procedures) of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body". Dentistry is necessary for complete oral health.[1] Those in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people aiding in oral health service include dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists.Contents [hide]
1 General practices
1.1 Surgery
1.2 Prevention
2 Education and licensing
3 Specialities
4 History
5 Geography
6 Organizations
7 See also
7.1 Lists
8 References
9 External links
[edit]
General practices
[edit]
Surgery
Dentistry usually encompasses a number of practices related to the oral cavity. The most common treatments involve the dental surgery on the teeth as a treatment for dental caries. Decayed teeth can be filled with dental amalgam, dental composite, dental porcelain and precious or non-precious metals. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a more specialized form of dental surgery. Dentists can prescribe medication, x-rays, and devices for home or in-office use. Many oral diseases (such as bilateral odontogenic keratocysts) and abnormalities (such as several unerupted teeth) can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. Most general practitioners of dentistry perform restorative, prosthetic, routine endodontic therapy, routine periodontal therapy, and simple exodontia, as well as performing examinations. Many general practitioners are comfortable treating complex cases, as well as placing implants and surgically extracting third molars (wisdom teeth). All dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and become an accredited dentist.
[edit]
Prevention
Dentists also encourage prevention of dental caries through proper hygiene (tooth brushing and flossing), fluoride, and tooth polishing. Recognized but less conventional preventive agents include xylitol, which is bacteriostatic,[2] casein derivatives,[3] and proprietary products such as Cavistat BasicMints.[4]
[edit]
Education and licensing
The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first dental school in the world, opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840, and in 1867, Harvard Dental School became the second dental school affiliated with a university.
Studies showed that dentists graduated from different countries[5], or even from different dental schools in one country[6], may have different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend more often for the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) than dentists graduated from Latin-American or Eastern European dental schools.[7]
In England, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.[8][9] The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practicing dentistry.[10] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practicing illegally.[8] A dentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice dentistry after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), Bachelor of Dentistry (BDent), Bachelor of Dental Science (BDSc), or Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Chirurgiae (BDS) or (BChD) or equivalent. In most western countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least 4 years of postgraduate study[citation needed]. Dentists usually complete between 5–8 years of post secondary education before practicing. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree.
[edit]
Specialities
In addition to general dentistry, there are about 9 recognized dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia. To become a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as (MD/MBBS specific to Maxillofacial Surgery), MS, or PhD.
Dental public health (study of dental epidemiology and social health policies),
Endodontics (root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp),
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases),
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases),
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions, implants, and facial surgery),
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth),
Periodontics (study and treatment of diseases of the periodontium (non-surgical and surgical), and placement and maintenance of dental implants),
Pediatric Dentistry (i.e. dentistry for children, formerly known as "pedodontics"),
Prosthodontics (dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists further their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics"--a discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures--such as ears, eyes, nose, etc.)
Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)") registry requirements.
A tenth specialty, dental anesthesiology, the study of how to relieve pain through advanced use of local and general anesthesia techniques is not yet considered to be one of the recognized dental specialties. However, CODA is in the process of accrediting all dental anesthesiology programs.[citation needed]
Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentistry (advanced training in clinical dentistry) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization.
The American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (ABDSM) provides board-certification examinations annually for qualified dentists. These dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accredited sleep centers and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat sleep-related breathing disorders.[1] While Diplomate status granted by the ABDSM is not one of the recognized dental specialties, it is recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).
Special category: Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology
Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.
Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
Veterinary dentistry, a speciality of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals[11][12].
Aviation dentistry, a subcategory of (military) aviation medicine deals with dental topics related to aircrews, e.g., dental barotrauma[13] and barodontalgia[14][15]. In addition, the aircrew population is a unique high-risk group to several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular self-oral care habits and irregular meals (usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks) and work-related stress.[16]
[edit]
History
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17.
Evidence of ancient dentistry has recently been found in a Neolithic graveyard in the Indus River basin of Pakistan. Teeth dating from around 7000 to 5500 BC show evidence of holes from dental drills. The teeth were found in people of the Indus Valley Civilization.[17][18][19] A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.[20] Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[21]
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the treatment of several dental ailments.[22][23] In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.[24] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery.[25]
Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.[26] The first use of dental appliances or bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early as 700 BC.[27] Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.[28][29]
Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75.
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth, which not only resulted in the alleviation of pain, but often cured a variety of ailments linked to chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican[30] (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[30] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century.[citation needed]
The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[31] and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.[9] It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry".[32] Among many of his developments were the extensive use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a treatment for dental caries and the statement that sugar derivate acids such as tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay.
Army Dental Surgery. Display at Army Medical Services Museum. Typical of dental surgeries, civil and military, during the 1940s and 1950s. Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (November 2008)
A modern Dentist's chair in a Public Hospital Na Wa, Nakhon Phanom province, Thailand.
[edit]
Geography
Main article: Dentistry throughout the world
[edit]
Organizations
Main article: List of dental organizations
[edit]
See also Dentistry portal
At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Dentistry at:
The School of Dentistry
Sagittal section of a tooth
Barodontalgia
Biodontics
Bruxism
Calculus
Crown
Dental amalgam
Dental brace
Dental cavities
Dental extraction
Dental fear
Floss
Dental implants
Dental notation
Dental restoration
Dental spa
Dentin
Fluoridation
Fluoride therapy
Gingivitis
Halitosis
Laboratory technology
Mouthwash
Nitrous oxide
Novocain, a Local anesthetic
Occlusion
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Oral hygiene
Orthodontics
Patron Saint of dentistry (Saint Apollonia)
Periodontitis
Periodontology or Periodontics
Plaque
Regenerative dentistry
Teledentistry
Temporomandibular joint disease
Toothache
Toothbrush
Toothpaste
Xerostomia
[edit]
Lists
List of dentists
List of oral health and dental topics
List of basic dentistry topics
List of dental schools in the United States
[edit]
References
^ Dentistry Definitions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed 11 December 2007. This definition was adopted the association's House of Delegates in 1997.
^ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2006) Policy on the Use of Xylitol in Caries Prevention.
^ Azarpazhooh, A.; Limeback, H. (2008), The Journal of the American Dental Association (Am Dental Assoc) 139 (7): 915, http://www.adajournal.com/cgi/content/abstract/139/7/915
^ Experimental chewy mint beats tooth decay
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (January 2008). "Clinical decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription". J Dent Educ 72 (1): 81–6. PMID 18172239.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2006). "Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry--is there a difference?". J Isr Dent Assoc 23 (2): 19–23. PMID 16886872.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2007). "Decision making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference?". J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 (4): 658–62. PMID 17368360. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ a b Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry. British Dental Journal (2005); 199, 470-473. Page accessed 11 December 2007. The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental Register".
^ a b The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline, hosted on the British Dental Association website. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh, hosted on the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh website. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ AVDC Home
^ EVDC web site
^ Zadik Y (June 2006). "Dental Fractures on Acute Exposure to High Altitude". Aviat Space Environ Med 77 (6): 654–7. PMID 16780246. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Zadik Y (August 2006). "Barodontalgia due to odontogenic inflammation in the jawbone". Aviat Space Environ Med 77 (8): 864–6. PMID 16909883. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Zadik Y, Chapnik L, Goldstein L (June 2007). "In-flight barodontalgia: analysis of 29 cases in military aircrew". Aviat Space Environ Med 78 (6): 593–6. PMID 17571660. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Lurie, Orit; Zadik, Yehuda; Tarrasch, Ricardo; Raviv, Gil; Goldstein, Liav (February 2007). "Bruxism in Military Pilots and Non-Pilots: Tooth Wear and Psychological Stress". Aviat Space Environ Med 78 (2): 137–9. PMID 17310886. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Stone age man used dentist drill, hosted on the BBC News website. Last updated 6 April 2006. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry: Tooth drilling goes back 9000 years in Pakistan, scientists say, hosted on the MSNBC website. Page accessed on 10 January 2007.
^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population." Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006.
^ History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed 9 January 2007.
^ Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. "Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1(2), pages 135-151, 1990.
^ Arab, M. Sameh. Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, hosted on the University of Oklahoma website. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Wilwerding, Terry. History of Dentistry, hosted on the Creighton University School of Dentistry website, page 4. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3
^ History of Dentistry Ancient Origins
^ History of Dentistry Research Page, Newsletter
^ Dentistry - Skill And Superstition
^ Dental Treatment in the Ancient Times
^ a b Antique Dental Instruments
^ History of Dentistry Middle Ages
^ History of Dentistry Articles
[edit]
External links
History of Dentistry in the 20th Century by the ADA
Information resource for UK dental professionals
Ancient dentistry discovered
Dentpedia.info - Dental Encyclopedia
Dentistry at the Open Directory Project
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article requires authentication or verification by an expert.
Please assist in recruiting an expert or improve this article yourself. See the talk page for details. (December 2007)
This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care see oral hygiene dental surgery.
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient.
Dentistry is the "evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical, surgical or related procedures) of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body". Dentistry is necessary for complete oral health.[1] Those in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people aiding in oral health service include dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists.Contents [hide]
1 General practices
1.1 Surgery
1.2 Prevention
2 Education and licensing
3 Specialities
4 History
5 Geography
6 Organizations
7 See also
7.1 Lists
8 References
9 External links
[edit]
General practices
[edit]
Surgery
Dentistry usually encompasses a number of practices related to the oral cavity. The most common treatments involve the dental surgery on the teeth as a treatment for dental caries. Decayed teeth can be filled with dental amalgam, dental composite, dental porcelain and precious or non-precious metals. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a more specialized form of dental surgery. Dentists can prescribe medication, x-rays, and devices for home or in-office use. Many oral diseases (such as bilateral odontogenic keratocysts) and abnormalities (such as several unerupted teeth) can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. Most general practitioners of dentistry perform restorative, prosthetic, routine endodontic therapy, routine periodontal therapy, and simple exodontia, as well as performing examinations. Many general practitioners are comfortable treating complex cases, as well as placing implants and surgically extracting third molars (wisdom teeth). All dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and become an accredited dentist.
[edit]
Prevention
Dentists also encourage prevention of dental caries through proper hygiene (tooth brushing and flossing), fluoride, and tooth polishing. Recognized but less conventional preventive agents include xylitol, which is bacteriostatic,[2] casein derivatives,[3] and proprietary products such as Cavistat BasicMints.[4]
[edit]
Education and licensing
The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first dental school in the world, opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840, and in 1867, Harvard Dental School became the second dental school affiliated with a university.
Studies showed that dentists graduated from different countries[5], or even from different dental schools in one country[6], may have different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend more often for the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) than dentists graduated from Latin-American or Eastern European dental schools.[7]
In England, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.[8][9] The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practicing dentistry.[10] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practicing illegally.[8] A dentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice dentistry after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), Bachelor of Dentistry (BDent), Bachelor of Dental Science (BDSc), or Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Chirurgiae (BDS) or (BChD) or equivalent. In most western countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least 4 years of postgraduate study[citation needed]. Dentists usually complete between 5–8 years of post secondary education before practicing. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree.
[edit]
Specialities
In addition to general dentistry, there are about 9 recognized dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia. To become a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as (MD/MBBS specific to Maxillofacial Surgery), MS, or PhD.
Dental public health (study of dental epidemiology and social health policies),
Endodontics (root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp),
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases),
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases),
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions, implants, and facial surgery),
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth),
Periodontics (study and treatment of diseases of the periodontium (non-surgical and surgical), and placement and maintenance of dental implants),
Pediatric Dentistry (i.e. dentistry for children, formerly known as "pedodontics"),
Prosthodontics (dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists further their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics"--a discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures--such as ears, eyes, nose, etc.)
Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)") registry requirements.
A tenth specialty, dental anesthesiology, the study of how to relieve pain through advanced use of local and general anesthesia techniques is not yet considered to be one of the recognized dental specialties. However, CODA is in the process of accrediting all dental anesthesiology programs.[citation needed]
Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentistry (advanced training in clinical dentistry) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization.
The American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (ABDSM) provides board-certification examinations annually for qualified dentists. These dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accredited sleep centers and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat sleep-related breathing disorders.[1] While Diplomate status granted by the ABDSM is not one of the recognized dental specialties, it is recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).
Special category: Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology
Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.
Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
Veterinary dentistry, a speciality of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals[11][12].
Aviation dentistry, a subcategory of (military) aviation medicine deals with dental topics related to aircrews, e.g., dental barotrauma[13] and barodontalgia[14][15]. In addition, the aircrew population is a unique high-risk group to several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular self-oral care habits and irregular meals (usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks) and work-related stress.[16]
[edit]
History
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17.
Evidence of ancient dentistry has recently been found in a Neolithic graveyard in the Indus River basin of Pakistan. Teeth dating from around 7000 to 5500 BC show evidence of holes from dental drills. The teeth were found in people of the Indus Valley Civilization.[17][18][19] A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.[20] Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[21]
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the treatment of several dental ailments.[22][23] In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.[24] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery.[25]
Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.[26] The first use of dental appliances or bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early as 700 BC.[27] Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.[28][29]
Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75.
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth, which not only resulted in the alleviation of pain, but often cured a variety of ailments linked to chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican[30] (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[30] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century.[citation needed]
The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[31] and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.[9] It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry".[32] Among many of his developments were the extensive use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a treatment for dental caries and the statement that sugar derivate acids such as tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay.
Army Dental Surgery. Display at Army Medical Services Museum. Typical of dental surgeries, civil and military, during the 1940s and 1950s. Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (November 2008)
A modern Dentist's chair in a Public Hospital Na Wa, Nakhon Phanom province, Thailand.
[edit]
Geography
Main article: Dentistry throughout the world
[edit]
Organizations
Main article: List of dental organizations
[edit]
See also Dentistry portal
At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Dentistry at:
The School of Dentistry
Sagittal section of a tooth
Barodontalgia
Biodontics
Bruxism
Calculus
Crown
Dental amalgam
Dental brace
Dental cavities
Dental extraction
Dental fear
Floss
Dental implants
Dental notation
Dental restoration
Dental spa
Dentin
Fluoridation
Fluoride therapy
Gingivitis
Halitosis
Laboratory technology
Mouthwash
Nitrous oxide
Novocain, a Local anesthetic
Occlusion
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Oral hygiene
Orthodontics
Patron Saint of dentistry (Saint Apollonia)
Periodontitis
Periodontology or Periodontics
Plaque
Regenerative dentistry
Teledentistry
Temporomandibular joint disease
Toothache
Toothbrush
Toothpaste
Xerostomia
[edit]
Lists
List of dentists
List of oral health and dental topics
List of basic dentistry topics
List of dental schools in the United States
[edit]
References
^ Dentistry Definitions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed 11 December 2007. This definition was adopted the association's House of Delegates in 1997.
^ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2006) Policy on the Use of Xylitol in Caries Prevention.
^ Azarpazhooh, A.; Limeback, H. (2008), The Journal of the American Dental Association (Am Dental Assoc) 139 (7): 915, http://www.adajournal.com/cgi/content/abstract/139/7/915
^ Experimental chewy mint beats tooth decay
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (January 2008). "Clinical decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription". J Dent Educ 72 (1): 81–6. PMID 18172239.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2006). "Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry--is there a difference?". J Isr Dent Assoc 23 (2): 19–23. PMID 16886872.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2007). "Decision making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference?". J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 (4): 658–62. PMID 17368360. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ a b Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry. British Dental Journal (2005); 199, 470-473. Page accessed 11 December 2007. The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental Register".
^ a b The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline, hosted on the British Dental Association website. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh, hosted on the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh website. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ AVDC Home
^ EVDC web site
^ Zadik Y (June 2006). "Dental Fractures on Acute Exposure to High Altitude". Aviat Space Environ Med 77 (6): 654–7. PMID 16780246. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Zadik Y (August 2006). "Barodontalgia due to odontogenic inflammation in the jawbone". Aviat Space Environ Med 77 (8): 864–6. PMID 16909883. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Zadik Y, Chapnik L, Goldstein L (June 2007). "In-flight barodontalgia: analysis of 29 cases in military aircrew". Aviat Space Environ Med 78 (6): 593–6. PMID 17571660. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Lurie, Orit; Zadik, Yehuda; Tarrasch, Ricardo; Raviv, Gil; Goldstein, Liav (February 2007). "Bruxism in Military Pilots and Non-Pilots: Tooth Wear and Psychological Stress". Aviat Space Environ Med 78 (2): 137–9. PMID 17310886. Retrieved on 16 July 2008.
^ Stone age man used dentist drill, hosted on the BBC News website. Last updated 6 April 2006. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry: Tooth drilling goes back 9000 years in Pakistan, scientists say, hosted on the MSNBC website. Page accessed on 10 January 2007.
^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population." Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006.
^ History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed 9 January 2007.
^ Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. "Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1(2), pages 135-151, 1990.
^ Arab, M. Sameh. Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, hosted on the University of Oklahoma website. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Wilwerding, Terry. History of Dentistry, hosted on the Creighton University School of Dentistry website, page 4. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3
^ History of Dentistry Ancient Origins
^ History of Dentistry Research Page, Newsletter
^ Dentistry - Skill And Superstition
^ Dental Treatment in the Ancient Times
^ a b Antique Dental Instruments
^ History of Dentistry Middle Ages
^ History of Dentistry Articles
[edit]
External links
History of Dentistry in the 20th Century by the ADA
Information resource for UK dental professionals
Ancient dentistry discovered
Dentpedia.info - Dental Encyclopedia
Dentistry at the Open Directory Project
[TIPS]Menggosok Gigi
Posted by: lareosing on: December 1, 2008
In: TIPS Comment!
Tips menggosok gigi :
Sikat gigi hendaknya dipegang sedemikian rupa sehingga bulu sikat mengarah ke akar gigi.
Gosoklah seluruh permukaan gigi yang menghadap ke pipi dan lidah. Letakkan sikat gigi pada posisi kurang lebih 45 derajat di daerah perbatasan antara antara gigi dan gusi.. Tekan dan tarik perlahan-lahan sikat ke arah bawah bagi gigi atas dan ke arah atas bagi gigi bawah.
Gerakan dilakukan kurang lebih 10 kali pada setiap bagian
Permukaan kunyah gigi dibersihkan dengan gerakan rotasi atau gerakan ke depan belakang.
Gosoklah gigi dua kali sehari, yaitu pagi setelah sarapan dan malam sebelum tidur.
Agar lebih efektif gunakan cermin sebagai alat bantu ketika menggosok gigi.
Kontrol kesehatan gigi dan mulut anda dengan teratur mengunjungi dokter gigi minimal 6 bulan satu kali
Untuk anak, perhatikan hal-hal berikut ini:
Untuk anak pada satu tahun pertama usahakan tetap melakukan rutinitas memberihkan gigi dan gusi minimal sehari satu kali dengan kasa/kain lembut yang dibasahi air hangat.
Gosoklah gigi dengan lembut ke dalam dan keluar untuk mengeluarkan sisa makanan yg tertinggal
Jika gigi susunya telah tumbuh secara lengkap (kira-kira 2 – 2,5 tahun) mulailah ajari cara menggosok gigi yang benar. Ciptakan suasana yang menarik sehingga si kecil menikmati acara gosok giginya. Lakukan penyikatan ulang oleh ibunda sebagai finishing touch setelah si kecil menggosok giginya
Jangan lupa berikan pujian untuk si kecil jika ia sudah berusaha menggosok gigi sendiri
In: TIPS Comment!
Tips menggosok gigi :
Sikat gigi hendaknya dipegang sedemikian rupa sehingga bulu sikat mengarah ke akar gigi.
Gosoklah seluruh permukaan gigi yang menghadap ke pipi dan lidah. Letakkan sikat gigi pada posisi kurang lebih 45 derajat di daerah perbatasan antara antara gigi dan gusi.. Tekan dan tarik perlahan-lahan sikat ke arah bawah bagi gigi atas dan ke arah atas bagi gigi bawah.
Gerakan dilakukan kurang lebih 10 kali pada setiap bagian
Permukaan kunyah gigi dibersihkan dengan gerakan rotasi atau gerakan ke depan belakang.
Gosoklah gigi dua kali sehari, yaitu pagi setelah sarapan dan malam sebelum tidur.
Agar lebih efektif gunakan cermin sebagai alat bantu ketika menggosok gigi.
Kontrol kesehatan gigi dan mulut anda dengan teratur mengunjungi dokter gigi minimal 6 bulan satu kali
Untuk anak, perhatikan hal-hal berikut ini:
Untuk anak pada satu tahun pertama usahakan tetap melakukan rutinitas memberihkan gigi dan gusi minimal sehari satu kali dengan kasa/kain lembut yang dibasahi air hangat.
Gosoklah gigi dengan lembut ke dalam dan keluar untuk mengeluarkan sisa makanan yg tertinggal
Jika gigi susunya telah tumbuh secara lengkap (kira-kira 2 – 2,5 tahun) mulailah ajari cara menggosok gigi yang benar. Ciptakan suasana yang menarik sehingga si kecil menikmati acara gosok giginya. Lakukan penyikatan ulang oleh ibunda sebagai finishing touch setelah si kecil menggosok giginya
Jangan lupa berikan pujian untuk si kecil jika ia sudah berusaha menggosok gigi sendiri
BENARKAH,SAKIT GIGI BISA MENYEBABKAN DISFUNGSI EREKSI.?”
BENARKAH,SAKIT GIGI BISA MENYEBABKAN DISFUNGSI EREKSI.?”Siapa sih yang sudi sakit gigi? Meski lagu bertajuk Lebih Baik Sakit Gigi yang dilantunkan Meggy Z. pernah menjadi hit, benarkah orang punya penilaian sama seperti syair lagu tersebut–daripada sakit hati lebih baik sakit gigi? Maklum, sakit gigi identik dengan nyeri tak berkesudahan disertai rasa pening dan sakit di sekujur tubuh. Bila gigi terasa nyeri, jangankan bekerja, hubungan seksual yang nikmat bagi hampir seluruh umat manusia pun akan ditinggalkan.
Hal ini benar-benar terjadi di Makassar dan mungkin di seluruh dunia. Drg Hasanuddin Thahir, SpPerio dari Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, berulang kali menerima keluhan ini. Para lelaki yang datang ke tempat prakteknya mengungkapkan “dingin”-nya ranjang mereka akibat nyeri gigi yang amat menyakitkan.
“Bila sakit gigi menerpa mereka selama satu pekan, selama itu pula mereka tak menyentuh istri. Kata mereka, boro-boro berhubungan seksual, nyeri gigi ini mengganggu seluruh aktivitas keseharian,” ujar Thahir kepada wartawan di sela-sela Kongres Dokter Gigi Asia Pasifik (APDC) ke-29 di Jakarta akhir April lalu.
Nyeri gigi ini, kata Thahir, terutama diakibatkan oleh caries gigi dan penyakit periodontal yang prevalensinya sangat tinggi di Indonesia. Rasa sakit di daerah tertentu, seperti pada gigi, rupanya mempengaruhi interaksi antara faktor psikoneuroendokrin dan faktor vaskular yang menyebabkan disfungsi ereksi.
Tertarik dengan kondisi ini, Thahir mewakili Bagian Periodontologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi bekerja sama dengan Wardihan Sinrang dari Bagian Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran–keduanya dari Universitas Hasanudin–melakukan penelitian terhadap pengaruh nyeri gigi terhadap disfungsi ereksi pada penderita nyeri gigi. Hasil penelitian ini dipresentasikan dalam kongres tersebut.
Sebanyak 35 orang berusia 35-55 tahun ikut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian yang digelar. Partisipan yang diambil adalah orang berusia di atas 35 tahun. Menurut kedua peneliti tersebut, ini karena pada pria di bawah 35 tahun, meski mengalami nyeri pada gigi, derita itu tak mengurangi gairah seks mereka.
Para partisipan, kata Thahir, didiagnosis mengidap pulpitis akut atau nyeri akibat gigi berlubang yang amat sangat (10 orang), pulpitis kronis (7 orang), periodontitis akut atau radang antara gusi dan gigi yang amat sangat (6 orang), serta hyperaemia pulpa atau ngilu gigi (6 orang). Semua partisipan memiliki keluhan rasa nyeri pada gigi paling sedikit selama seminggu dan selanjutnya dievaluasi setelah dilakukan perawatan.
Data diambil berdasarkan wawancara dan secara tertulis. Yang menarik, seorang responden terpaksa dicoret karena meski nyeri gigi, ia tetap melakukan hubungan seksual dengan wanita selingkuhannya. “Kami memang membatasi para partisipan pada pria beristri dan tak memiliki wanita idaman lain,” ujar Thahir sembari tersenyum lebar.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nyeri gigi pada pulpitis akut, periodontitis akut, dan hyperaemia pulpa (hipersensitif dentin) menyebabkan disfungsi ereksi. Nyeri gigi ini mempengaruhi rangsangan seksual sehingga frekuensi hubungan seksual secara nyata menjadi berkurang. Bahkan pada kasus pulpitis akut dan periodontitis akut, hubungan seksual pada minggu pertama dan kedua berkurang 90-97 persen. Sedangkan nyeri gigi pada periodontitis kronis dan pulpitis kronis tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan.
Di samping itu, pada penderita periodontal abses, meskipun dapat melakukan hubungan seksual, aktivitas ciuman dalam hubungan seksual menurun secara nyata. “Tak bisa mencium pasangan Anda berarti menurunkan kadar keintiman,” dia menandaskan. Ia menyimpulkan nyeri yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit gigi dan periodontal dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan seksual. “Akibatnya tentu sangat buruk. Selama satu pekan itu, kualitas hidup seseorang memburuk secara signifikan,” ia menegaskan.
Disfungsi ereksi pada kasus nyeri gigi, menurut Thahir dan Wardihan, diduga terjadi akibat penghambatan atau penekanan pada saraf parasimpatis sehingga tidak mampu melepaskan pengantar saraf pada otot polos korpus kavernosum, yang selanjutnya menyebabkan dilatasi pembuluh darah perifer.
Selain itu, otak di daerah thalamus dan hypothalamus sudah penuh dengan sensasi nyeri sehingga daerah tersebut tidak mampu mempersepsi sensasi seksual yang diterima, baik melalui rangsang rabaan, visual, atau imajinasi, sehingga sensasi tersebut tidak dapat diteruskan ke serabut saraf desenden menuju pusat ereksi di daerah segmen torakolumbal atau penis. Untuk itu, jagalah kesehatan mulut dan gigi Anda dengan baik. Bila diabaikan, ranjang Anda mungkin akan sedingin puncak Jayawijaya!
Hal ini benar-benar terjadi di Makassar dan mungkin di seluruh dunia. Drg Hasanuddin Thahir, SpPerio dari Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, berulang kali menerima keluhan ini. Para lelaki yang datang ke tempat prakteknya mengungkapkan “dingin”-nya ranjang mereka akibat nyeri gigi yang amat menyakitkan.
“Bila sakit gigi menerpa mereka selama satu pekan, selama itu pula mereka tak menyentuh istri. Kata mereka, boro-boro berhubungan seksual, nyeri gigi ini mengganggu seluruh aktivitas keseharian,” ujar Thahir kepada wartawan di sela-sela Kongres Dokter Gigi Asia Pasifik (APDC) ke-29 di Jakarta akhir April lalu.
Nyeri gigi ini, kata Thahir, terutama diakibatkan oleh caries gigi dan penyakit periodontal yang prevalensinya sangat tinggi di Indonesia. Rasa sakit di daerah tertentu, seperti pada gigi, rupanya mempengaruhi interaksi antara faktor psikoneuroendokrin dan faktor vaskular yang menyebabkan disfungsi ereksi.
Tertarik dengan kondisi ini, Thahir mewakili Bagian Periodontologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi bekerja sama dengan Wardihan Sinrang dari Bagian Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran–keduanya dari Universitas Hasanudin–melakukan penelitian terhadap pengaruh nyeri gigi terhadap disfungsi ereksi pada penderita nyeri gigi. Hasil penelitian ini dipresentasikan dalam kongres tersebut.
Sebanyak 35 orang berusia 35-55 tahun ikut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian yang digelar. Partisipan yang diambil adalah orang berusia di atas 35 tahun. Menurut kedua peneliti tersebut, ini karena pada pria di bawah 35 tahun, meski mengalami nyeri pada gigi, derita itu tak mengurangi gairah seks mereka.
Para partisipan, kata Thahir, didiagnosis mengidap pulpitis akut atau nyeri akibat gigi berlubang yang amat sangat (10 orang), pulpitis kronis (7 orang), periodontitis akut atau radang antara gusi dan gigi yang amat sangat (6 orang), serta hyperaemia pulpa atau ngilu gigi (6 orang). Semua partisipan memiliki keluhan rasa nyeri pada gigi paling sedikit selama seminggu dan selanjutnya dievaluasi setelah dilakukan perawatan.
Data diambil berdasarkan wawancara dan secara tertulis. Yang menarik, seorang responden terpaksa dicoret karena meski nyeri gigi, ia tetap melakukan hubungan seksual dengan wanita selingkuhannya. “Kami memang membatasi para partisipan pada pria beristri dan tak memiliki wanita idaman lain,” ujar Thahir sembari tersenyum lebar.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nyeri gigi pada pulpitis akut, periodontitis akut, dan hyperaemia pulpa (hipersensitif dentin) menyebabkan disfungsi ereksi. Nyeri gigi ini mempengaruhi rangsangan seksual sehingga frekuensi hubungan seksual secara nyata menjadi berkurang. Bahkan pada kasus pulpitis akut dan periodontitis akut, hubungan seksual pada minggu pertama dan kedua berkurang 90-97 persen. Sedangkan nyeri gigi pada periodontitis kronis dan pulpitis kronis tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan.
Di samping itu, pada penderita periodontal abses, meskipun dapat melakukan hubungan seksual, aktivitas ciuman dalam hubungan seksual menurun secara nyata. “Tak bisa mencium pasangan Anda berarti menurunkan kadar keintiman,” dia menandaskan. Ia menyimpulkan nyeri yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit gigi dan periodontal dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan seksual. “Akibatnya tentu sangat buruk. Selama satu pekan itu, kualitas hidup seseorang memburuk secara signifikan,” ia menegaskan.
Disfungsi ereksi pada kasus nyeri gigi, menurut Thahir dan Wardihan, diduga terjadi akibat penghambatan atau penekanan pada saraf parasimpatis sehingga tidak mampu melepaskan pengantar saraf pada otot polos korpus kavernosum, yang selanjutnya menyebabkan dilatasi pembuluh darah perifer.
Selain itu, otak di daerah thalamus dan hypothalamus sudah penuh dengan sensasi nyeri sehingga daerah tersebut tidak mampu mempersepsi sensasi seksual yang diterima, baik melalui rangsang rabaan, visual, atau imajinasi, sehingga sensasi tersebut tidak dapat diteruskan ke serabut saraf desenden menuju pusat ereksi di daerah segmen torakolumbal atau penis. Untuk itu, jagalah kesehatan mulut dan gigi Anda dengan baik. Bila diabaikan, ranjang Anda mungkin akan sedingin puncak Jayawijaya!
Erosi Gigi Berkat Softdrink
Gula dan asam yang terkandung di dalam softdrink dan jus jeruk dapat menyebabkan terjadinya erosi gigi, yang artinya mengikis gigi. Hal ini dapat memicu terjadinya gigi sensitif atau gigi linu. Minuman sehat apa yang bisa menjadi alternatif pengganti softdrink dan jus jeruk?
Berdasarkan penelitian yang tercantum di Journal of Academy of General Dentistry bulan Juli/Agustus, pilihan minuman yang terbaik adalah teh.
Selain rasanya nikmat, teh juga memiliki keuntungan dari segi kesehatan. Teh dilengkapi oleh antioksidan alami yang dipercaya dapat mengurangi insidensi terjadinya kanker, penyakit kardiovaskular, dan diabetes.
Dalam kaitannya dengan erosi gigi, peneliti menambahkan bahwa antara teh hijau dengan teh hitam sama-sama baik untuk gigi. Kedua minuman ini sama seperti air, tidak mengerosi gigi. Sementara itu, untuk kandungan flavonoid alami dan antioksidan, teh hijau dipercaya lebih baik daripada teh hitam menurut berbagai penelitian di berbagai negara seperti Jepang dan Eropa.
Namun, jika Anda ingin meminum teh, para ahli menyarankan agar jangan menambah zat penambah rasa, seperti susu, gula, atau lemon. Karena zat-zat ini akan menyatu dengan flavonoid alami dari teh dan akan mengurangi efek antioksidannya. Sebagai tambahan, sebaiknya Anda menghindari minuman teh kemasan karena biasanya mereka mengandung citric acid dan gula dalam jumlah yang cukup tinggi.
Brewed Tea Is The Best Drink To Avoid Tooth Erosion
Apabila Anda ingin berlangganan berita terbaru dari Gigi Sehat Badan Sehat, daftarkanlah alamat email Anda dengan meng-klik kata berlangganan: Berlangganan.
Berita terbaru dari Gigi Sehat Badan Sehat akan langsung dikirimkan ke email Anda.
Berdasarkan penelitian yang tercantum di Journal of Academy of General Dentistry bulan Juli/Agustus, pilihan minuman yang terbaik adalah teh.
Selain rasanya nikmat, teh juga memiliki keuntungan dari segi kesehatan. Teh dilengkapi oleh antioksidan alami yang dipercaya dapat mengurangi insidensi terjadinya kanker, penyakit kardiovaskular, dan diabetes.
Dalam kaitannya dengan erosi gigi, peneliti menambahkan bahwa antara teh hijau dengan teh hitam sama-sama baik untuk gigi. Kedua minuman ini sama seperti air, tidak mengerosi gigi. Sementara itu, untuk kandungan flavonoid alami dan antioksidan, teh hijau dipercaya lebih baik daripada teh hitam menurut berbagai penelitian di berbagai negara seperti Jepang dan Eropa.
Namun, jika Anda ingin meminum teh, para ahli menyarankan agar jangan menambah zat penambah rasa, seperti susu, gula, atau lemon. Karena zat-zat ini akan menyatu dengan flavonoid alami dari teh dan akan mengurangi efek antioksidannya. Sebagai tambahan, sebaiknya Anda menghindari minuman teh kemasan karena biasanya mereka mengandung citric acid dan gula dalam jumlah yang cukup tinggi.
Brewed Tea Is The Best Drink To Avoid Tooth Erosion
Apabila Anda ingin berlangganan berita terbaru dari Gigi Sehat Badan Sehat, daftarkanlah alamat email Anda dengan meng-klik kata berlangganan: Berlangganan.
Berita terbaru dari Gigi Sehat Badan Sehat akan langsung dikirimkan ke email Anda.
Konsern hari ini: Dokter Gigi Holistik?
Hari ini saya menemani mama tercinta ke dokter gigi. Lumayan membangkitkan ingatan "menarik" masa kecil saat terdengar bunyi-bunyi bor gigi :D. Diantara mesin-mesin perang tersebut, saya bertanya-tanya, "Adakah jalan damai?" -terlepas dari konteks alat-alat canggih, ya. Kuriosita saya adalah eksistensi pengobatan 'damai'. Tanpa alat perang :D
Hal ini akan menjadi pertanyaan yang menunggu datangnya jawaban. Baik itu dari kolom komentar, atau yang datang sendiri bersedia membantu saya :)
Hal ini akan menjadi pertanyaan yang menunggu datangnya jawaban. Baik itu dari kolom komentar, atau yang datang sendiri bersedia membantu saya :)
Konsern hari ini: Dokter Gigi Holistik?
Hari ini saya menemani mama tercinta ke dokter gigi. Lumayan membangkitkan ingatan "menarik" masa kecil saat terdengar bunyi-bunyi bor gigi :D. Diantara mesin-mesin perang tersebut, saya bertanya-tanya, "Adakah jalan damai?" -terlepas dari konteks alat-alat canggih, ya. Kuriosita saya adalah eksistensi pengobatan 'damai'. Tanpa alat perang :D
Hal ini akan menjadi pertanyaan yang menunggu datangnya jawaban. Baik itu dari kolom komentar, atau yang datang sendiri bersedia membantu saya :)
Hal ini akan menjadi pertanyaan yang menunggu datangnya jawaban. Baik itu dari kolom komentar, atau yang datang sendiri bersedia membantu saya :)
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
Postingan
